Condyloma

Severe case of genital warts around the anus (Credit: wikipedia.org)

Condyloma (plural: "Condylomata", from Greek "knuckle") refers to an infection of the genitals. The two subtypes are:

• Condyloma acuminata, or genital warts, caused by human papilloma virus subtypes 6, 11, and others
• Condylomata lata, white lesions associated with secondary syphilis

Condylomata lata

Not to be confused with condyloma acuminata.

Condylomata lata or condyloma latum, is a cutaneous condition characterized by wart-like lesions on the genitals. They are generally symptoms of the secondary phase of syphilis, caused by the spirochete, Treponema pallidum.

Condylomata lata occurs in about one-third of syphilis patients and is characterized by painless, mucosal, and warty erosions. They tend to develop in warm, moist sites of the genitals and perineum. These lesions hold a high accumulation of spirochetes and are highly infectious. Complete resolution of the lesions is spontaneous and occurs after a few days to many weeks, where it is either resolved completely or enters the tertiary phase, defined by a latent state. (Source)

Common Cold

Understanding the Common Cold -- the Basics

Credit: lillingtonmedicalservices.org

A runny nose, scratchy throat, and nonstop sneezing -- you can't miss the signs of a cold. But mystery shrouds a lot of other things about it. Why do you seem to get them so often while your best friend stays well? And more importantly, how can you stay healthy this year? Get the lowdown on the all too common cold.

What Is It?

It's an illness caused by a tiny, living thing called a virus. More than 200 types lead to your misery, but the most common one is the rhinovirus, which brings on 10% to 40% of colds. The coronavirus is responsible for about 20% of cases, while the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus cause 10% of colds.

Colitis

A micrograph demonstrating cryptitis, a microscopic correlate of colitis. H&E stain

Colitis (pl. colitides) refers to an inflammation of the colon.

Colitis may be acute and self-limited or chronic, i.e. persistent, and broadly fits into the category of digestive diseases.

In a medical context, the label colitis (without qualification) is used if:

• The cause of the inflammation in the colon is undetermined; for example, colitis may be applied to Crohn's disease at a time when the diagnosis is unknown, or
• The context is clear; for example, an individual with ulcerative colitis is talking about their disease with a physician who knows the diagnosis.

Coccidioidomycosis

Credit: www.life-worldwide.org

Coccidioidomycosis is a pulmonary or hematogenously spread disseminated disease caused by the fungi Coccidioides immitisand C. posadasii; it usually occurs as an acute benign asymptomatic or self-limited respiratory infection. The organism occasionally disseminates to cause focal lesions in other tissues. Symptoms, if present, are those of lower respiratory infection or low-grade nonspecific disseminated disease. Diagnosis is suspected based on clinical and epidemiologic characteristics and confirmed by chest x-ray, culture, and serologic testing. Treatment, if needed, is usually withfluconazole, itraconazole, newer triazoles, or amphotericin B.

(See also the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s Coccidioidomycosis .)

In North America, the endemic area for coccidioidomycosis includes

• The southwestern US
• Northern Mexico

The affected areas of the southwestern US include Arizona, the central valley of California, parts of New Mexico, and Texas west of El Paso. The area extends into northern Mexico, and foci occur in parts of Central America and Argentina. About 30 to 60% of people who live in an endemic region are exposed to the fungus at some point during their life. In the US, about 150,000 infections develop annually; over half of them are subclinical.

Pathophysiology

Infections are acquired by inhaling spore-laden dust. Thus, certain occupations (eg, farming, construction) and outdoor recreational activities increase risk. Epidemics can occur when heavy rains, which promote the growth of mycelia, are followed by drought and winds. Because of travel and delayed onset of clinical manifestations, infections can become evident outside endemic areas.

Once inhaled, C. immitis spores convert to large tissue-invasive spherules. As spherules enlarge and then rupture, each releases thousands of small endospores, which may form new spherules. Pulmonary disease is characterized by an acute, subacute, or chronic granulomatous reaction with varying degrees of fibrosis. Lesions may cavitate or form nodular-like coin lesions.

Sometimes disease progresses, with widespread lung involvement, systemic dissemination, or both; focal lesions may form in almost any tissue, most commonly in skin, subcutaneous tissues, bones (osteomyelitis), and meninges (meningitis).

Progressive coccidioidomycosis is uncommon in otherwise healthy people and more likely to occur in the following contexts:

• HIV infection
• Use of immunosuppressants
• Advanced age
• 2nd half of pregnancy or postpartum
• Certain ethnic backgrounds (Filipino, African American, Native American, Hispanic, and Asian, in decreasing order of relative risk)

Symptoms and Signs

Primary coccidioidomycosis

Most patients are asymptomatic, but nonspecific respiratory symptoms resembling those of influenza, acute bronchitis, or, less often, acute pneumonia or pleural effusion sometimes occur. Symptoms, in decreasing order of frequency, include fever, cough, chest pain, chills, sputum production, sore throat, and hemoptysis.

Physical signs may be absent or limited to scattered rales with or without areas of dullness to percussion over lung fields. Some patients develop hypersensitivity to the localized respiratory infection, manifested by arthritis, conjunctivitis, erythema nodosum, or erythema multiforme. Read more >>

Source: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/fungi/coccidioidomycosis

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

Credit: wikipedia.org

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD), a family of sleep disorders, affect (among other bodily processes) the timing of sleep. People with circadian rhythm sleep disorders are unable to go to sleep and awaken at the times commonly required for work and school as well as social needs. They are generally able to get enough sleep if allowed to sleep and wake at the times dictated by their "body clocks". The quality of their sleep is usually normal unless they also have another sleep disorder.

Chorea

Credite: dokteranakku.net

Chorea (or choreia, occasionally) is an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias. The term chorea is derived from the Greek word χορεία (=dance; see choreia), as the quick movements of the feet or hands are comparable to dancing.

The term hemichorea refers to chorea of one side of the body, such as chorea of one arm but not both (analogous to hemiballismus).

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Credit: hubpages.com

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex medical condition, characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms. These symptoms are to such a degree that they limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities. Quality of life of persons with CFS can be compromised.